China’s philosophy of ensuring preparedness for potential attacks and their policy of preemptive action stems from centuries of historical experiences and strategic thinking. This perspective can be analyzed through various lenses, including historical context, political ideology, and military strategy.
1. Historical Context
China has faced numerous invasions throughout its history, from the Mongol invasions to conflicts with Western powers. These historical experiences have fostered a national narrative of vulnerability and the necessity for strong defense and readiness. The “Century of Humiliation,” which refers to the period between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries when China experienced significant loss of sovereignty, further entrenched these views. Contemporary Chinese leadership often references historical grievances to justify current military strategies and national policies.
2. Philosophical Underpinnings
Chinese military philosophy draws on classical texts like Sun Tzu’s “The Art of War,” which emphasizes the importance of preparation, strategy, and the effective use of deception. One significant tenet of Sun Tzu’s teachings is to “know your enemy and know yourself,” which advocates for understanding both one’s capabilities and the intentions of potential adversaries. This philosophy aligns with the belief that preparation for conflict is paramount in maintaining national security.
3. Political Ideology
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under its current leadership has adopted a more assertive approach to national security and geopolitics. This is evident in its military modernization efforts, increased defense spending, and regional assertiveness in areas like the South China Sea. The “China Dream,” a term popularized by President Xi Jinping, emphasizes national rejuvenation and the restoration of China as a major global power, heightening expectations for readiness against perceived threats.
4. Military Strategy: The Concept of “Active Defense”
China’s military strategy includes the doctrine of “active defense,” which involves the idea of preparing preemptive strikes if an attack is deemed imminent. This doctrine is reflected in tactics that prioritize rapid mobilization and engagement of adversaries before they can strike first. Chinese military documents often articulate the necessity to “strike first” to safeguard national interests.
5. Research and Studies Supporting This Perspective
Several studies and analyses support the assertion of China’s philosophy on preparedness and preemptive strikes:
- International Relations Theory : Scholars in international relations often reference the security dilemma, where nations feel compelled to increase their military capabilities in response to perceived threats, thereby escalading tensions. This is relevant to China’s military posture, which can be seen as a response to U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Military Analysis Reports : Institutions such as the U.S. Department of Defense regularly produce assessments on Chinese military capabilities and strategies. These reports often underline China’s focus on preparing for potential conflicts, including preemptive military action.
- Academic Research : Studies from think tanks such as the RAND Corporation and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) provide insights into Chinese military doctrines. For instance, CSIS’s “China’s Military Power” analyzes China’s strategic intentions and justifications for its military activities, noting its focus on deterrence and preparation for conflict.
- Historical Studies : Books like “The China-U.S. Trade War and Future Economic Relations” by Lawrence J. Lau discuss the intertwining of military and economic strategies, suggesting that preparation for conflict reflects broader national policy goals.
Conclusion
The philosophy that China must be prepared to withstand attacks and employ preemptive strategies is deeply rooted in its historical experiences, philosophical foundations, and contemporary geopolitical aspirations. Numerous studies and analyses underscore this perspective, highlighting the interplay of history, ideology, and military strategy that shapes China’s approach to national security. Understanding this philosophy is critical for evaluating China’s role on the global stage and the implications for international relations and security dynamics.